نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی
سال سی‌ام شماره 2 (پیاپی 74، تابستان 1398)

The soils of Margh plain in Isfahan have become extremely saline and sodic and some soils are abandoned and unusable for agriculture. Considering the shortage of water resources, in this study, the possibility of applying municipal wastewater of Baharestan city for the leaching of extremely saline and sodic soils of Margh plain was studied. The designed leaching treatments were 60 cm water resources including: well water of the region, Baharestan municipal wastewater in one stage, Baharestan municipal wastewater in 6 stages, using well water and wastewater alternatively in 6 stages, using blended well water and wastewater in 6 stages (without any leaching) as control. This was designed using a factorial design with 5 replications. The results indicated that employing 60 cm of wastewater in one step had the most significant effect on leaching of salinity. Soil salinity decreased from 26 to 4.6, from 21 to 6 and from 15 to 9.8 dS/m. Sodicity in the soils was significantly reduced significantly in all treatment up to 30 cm depth. At a depth of 30-60 cm, the treatment with 60 cm of wastewater in one step significantly reduced the amount of soil sodium uptake ratio. With applying municipal wastewater in one step, SAR value decreased from 36.7 to 2.7 (92%), and from 16 to 7 (56%) in the two first layers of the soils. None of the treatments could decrease SAR of the soils significantly up to 90 cm depth. It appears to be due to the leaching of Na from the surface soils to the sub-soils.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of remote sensing data for drought monitoring of Urmia Lake Basin (ULB). For this purpose, the MODIS NDVI/LST data and TRMM satellite rainfall data were downloaded on monthly scale from 2000 to 2014. After data processing, drought indices including Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Precipitation Condition Index (PCI), Composite indices include CI1, CI2, CI3 and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) were calculated for March to September (growing season). To validate the mentioned indicators, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) on different time scales (3, 6 and 9 months) was used. Results showed the VCI is the favorable satellite index for monitoring agricultural drought of the ULB during the growing season. SPI3, SPI6 and SPI9 have the highest correlation with the VCI and VHI in March, with PCI and CI1 in April, with TCI, CI3 and CI1 in May, with VCI in June and July, with TCI and VCI in August and September, respectively. Composite indicators presented better results than VCI and TCI in May and April. Therefore it can be concluded that composite indices can provide better results during the wet months (May-April). Also, Drought Severity classification results of the ULB based on VCI showed that highest drought with 93.85, 91.93 and 72 percent in 2000, 2008 and 2001, respectively, and the lowest drought with 1.21, 2.06 and 5.33 percent in 2010, 2007 and 2004 respectively has happened during the growing season (March to September) in the ULB. Using the optimum satellite indices presented in the present study, it is possible to predict and estimate the drought phenomena of Urmia Lake BASIN in different months of the growing season or during the growing season and obtain a better result.

The southern plain of Arak with 47 wells is used to provide part of Arak drinking water. The assessment of the quality of water in terms of chemical constituents and toxic metals and their origin are important issues in this plain. About 52% of wells have Ca-HCO3, 26% Ca-Cl and 20% Na-Cl type. The maximum concentration of some of the compounds, including NO3, Na, Ca, Mg, PO4, HCO3, SO4 and Cl, indicates that they are higher than Iranian drinking water standard and WHO standard. On the other hand, by determining the pollution indices in heavy metals, it was found that the waters have good drinking quality. Since the region's waters are desirable compared to drinking water standards, but the fractal threshold examination showed that the concentration of chemical constituents in most waters is higher than normal and is at the threshold of contamination. This study showed that chemical compounds are the result of two natural contaminants (weathering, and chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks and saline water penetration) along with human contamination. The high concentrations of Ca, HCO3 and Mg in the Arak plain are due to the dissolution of calcareous and dolomitic rocks of southern highlands. The high concentrations of Na, SO4 in the Aman-abad plain are due to the influence of saline water in the Mighan wetland of Arak. Also, the landfill of Amanabad plain, the wastewaters of the industrial park and the city in Arak plain are the source of toxic metals such as Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the regional waters.

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing is common to facilitate the estimation of catchment's runoff in the last century. This action is performed by using the rainfall-runoff model, which includes climate and geomorphological changes. One way to estimate the runoff height is the Curve Number (CN) method that shows the hydrological behavior of catchment. In this research, the Arc-GIS software was used for mapping curve number by integrating vegetation maps, land use and soil hydrological group, and then the annual runoff height map of Hesarak catchment was prepared. In addition, by using empirical methods, annual runoff of the study area was compared with I.C.A.R, Justin, Angeli di Sousa, and SCS-CN methods. The comparison of estimated runoff values in different methods with observations of runoff showed that the result of SCS-CN method has more adaptation to the observed runoff and discharge. The advantage of this model is the use of different parameters such as annual precipitation, soil holding, and permeability of the curve number of the basin, which causes the measured runoff to be closer to the observed value.

The city of Khorramabad in Lorestan province is considered as one of the seismic cities of Iran due to its location on the Zagros earthquake zone. In this research, for more safety in residential areas and construction projects, seismic hazard zonation in Khorramabad city was studied using six environmental parameters including focal length of earthquakes, distance from major faults, and focal depth of earthquake events, earthquake acceleration, lithology, and slope. To this end, by using a seismic data catalog for the period from 1900 to 2018, maps of the focal lengths and the focal depths of earthquake events were prepared. Using the geologic and digital elevation maps, maps of distance from the fault, the lithology and the slope, and using a Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA) and using the existing empirical relationships between the characteristics of the earthquake, the peak ground acceleration map (PGA) of the region was prepared. After providing the data layers, the map of each factor is standardized and weighed using fuzzy logic and hierarchical analysis process, respectively. By integrating all standardized layers in their weights, the final map of earthquake hazard zonation of the city was prepared using a hybrid hierarchical-fuzzy method. Based on the results of the above-mentioned method, 6.43%, 12.74%, 24.57%, 35.13% and 21.12%  of the city's area are located in very low, low, moderate, high and very high risk classes, respectively.

In developing countries, especially Iran, public transport is still inefficient. Several factors are involved in this inefficiency, one of which is urban morphology. Identification, quality, dimensions, and the effectiveness of this issue in recent decades have led to the evolution of inter-city transport in some countries, so understanding such evolution on public transport is essential. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and analyze the barriers to urban morphology affecting the underdevelopment of public transport in Ahwaz. This research is an applied-theoretical, and descriptive-analytical and survey study in terms of aim and method. The required data were collected through documentary, library, survey, and interviewing with citizens and experts. The ARAS decision-making method was used to rank morphological barriers in each mode of transport. Moreover, ARG GIS10.3 software was employed for zoning these barriers in Ahwaz city. After interpolating barriers of each dimension using the Reclassify tool which is a subset of Spatial Analyst Tools in Arc Toolbox, the maps were drawn in different zones in five spectra and were finally overlayed using the Weighted Sum Model (WSM). The results show that 35 factors in 12 morphological dimensions are considered as barriers to public transport development in Ahwaz. Exogenous development, urban distribution, and administrative buildings of the Oil Company with weights of 0.0392, 0.0322, and 0.02089, respectively, are the most frequent barriers to the morphology of public transport development in Ahwaz. The research also proved that the effect of these barriers are different in the four current public transport modes of Ahwaz. Finally, the zoning of these barriers illustrates that most of Ahwaz area is morphologically moderate, but the southern area is less desirable than the northwest part, and the central zone is slightly desirable. Districts 6 and 7 are the least and most desirable areas, respectively.

Karst areas have always been considered for the great importance of water resources and diversity of geomorphological forms. In arid areas, considering that karst is a good place to store fresh ground-water, identifying them is of paramount importance. This research attempts to detect karstic areas in western parts of Fars province using fuzzy and AHP software with the help of GIS software, and introduces a new method for this purpose. Geological data, distance from fault, rainfall, elevation, temperature, distance from the river, slope were used to determine the susceptible areas of karst. In order to homogenize each of the data in order to prepare the final map of karst areas, the fuzzy method was used. In the next step, the fuzzy membership functions were prepared using susceptible karst areas and finally, a hierarchical analysis model (AHP) was used to prepare the final map of the studied area. The final results from the karst map of the study area showed that in the northwest and part of the southeast of the study area, the probability of having Karst is 100% according to the final maps. While the central areas have fewer karst, and parts of the eastern and western margins of the region lack karst. To verify the model accuracy, sample points of the area were prepared. According to the sample points, it was found that the model has a high accuracy for determining the karstic regions and therefore the fuzzy method can be used as a precise method for investigating the karstic potential of different regions.

Today, recognizing human attitudes and behavior regarding the environment is of great importance due to environmental problems and challenges. In the meantime, nomadic and rural communities have received more attention due to the direct connection and exploitation of environmental resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the attitude and environmental behavior of nomadic societies in the Bazoft District of Koohrang County, in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, after the implementation of participatory management plan for forest and rangeland (JICA). The present paper is an applied research, and in terms of the nature and method, is descriptive-analytical based on survey. Documentary and field method and a questionnaire were used for data collection. The statistical population of this study was all nomads living in 5 villages, where the JICA project was implemented, and according to the census of 2016, their total number was 2236 persons and 442 households. Using the Cochran formula, 206 households were selected as the sample. To analyze the data, one sample t-test, factor analysis, and PSI have been used. The results of one sample t-test for the nomadic environmental attitude showed that JICA plan had a significant and meaningful impact on the change of attitudes of nomadic communities in the villages involved in this project. And according to the average results obtained, it can also be said that the selfish attitude of nomads living in the studied villages was due to two types of friendly and biosphere attitudes. In addition, the results of factor analysis showed that 6 out of 13 factors account for 69.98% of the total variance. Among these six factors, the most important factor regarding environmental behavior is social responsibility towards the environment, with a specific value of 13.60 giving a total variance of 36.75. Based on the results, it can be stated that the JICA project has changed the environmental behaviors of the nomads of the study area, which are the main environmental beneficiaries of the region.